Goffee and Jones' cultural model

Solidarity
Solidarity is the degree to which people think together in the same ways, sharing tasks and mutual interests. The main driving force in decisions is logic.
Positive solidarity gets the job done efficiently and effectively. Negative solidarity does not care for other people and can have high levels of internal conflict or inefficient self-interest.

Sociability
Sociability comes from mutual esteem and concern for ones colleagues. The main driving force in decisions is emotion and social concern. High sociability is people-based, low sociability has a greater task focus.
Positive sociability is people helping one another to succeed. Negative sociability is covering up for other people and tolerating poor performance in the name of friendship or ‘saving face’.

The Double-S Model
The double-S model is a two-by-two matrix that identifies four cultures, depending on high and low solidarity and sociability.

		Solidarity
		Low	High
Sociability	High	Networked Culture	Communal culture
	Low	Fragmented Culture	Mercenary Culture

Networked Culture
This has high sociability and low solidarity leading to:

• Open physical spaces including social areas.
• Decorations with such as photos.
• Separated marked spaces to show territory (especially in negative forms).
• Much talk, including informal meetings.
• Lots of use of email, phones, etc.
• Attention to communicating in the 'right' way.
• Socialising during work hours, which can be long.
• People identify with one another.

Communal Culture
This has high sociability and high solidarity leading to:

• Open plan spaces.
• Highly visible corporate symbols.
• Focus on face-face communications.
• Persuasion is often based on guilt or shame.
• Work as living and vice-versa. Work-life balance is irrelevant.
• People identify with company values

Fragmented Culture
This has low sociability and low solidarity leading to:

• Private offices or people who work from home.
• Little talk or communications (with little opportunity for casual chat too).
• Talk is focused on specific topics and kept short.
• Most talk is directed to people outside the organization.
• People identify with individualism and freedom.

Mercenary Culture
This has low sociability and high solidarity leading to:

• Functional spaces that do the job and little more.
• Displays of awards and recognitions.
• Talk is short and focused.
• Argument is confrontational.
• Long hours when it is needed (which is often).
• People identify with winning.

Source: ChangingMinds